Absolute Power essays

Absolute Power essays This job started off as any other for 66 year-old Luther Witney. He had everything checked off as he was about to break an entering into the worlds richest mans mansion in Mudleton, Virgina. He successfully got in and went straight up to the vault in which he noticed some time earlier when he got a tour of the house. Once he got in the vault he started to throw in everything to his bag starting with nicely bundle bills to the jewelry. When he was about done he heard voices of people coming up the stairs. He locked himself into the vault and waited. Two people entered the room, which were a man and a woman. He was unsure who it was at first then when the lights turned on he noticed that it was the President of the United States and Christina Sullivan. They were intoxicated and began to mess around. Luther was in the vault which could see everything and was a one-way mirror therefore, they couldnt see him. What happened next began the plot of the whole story. The President began to get a little rough with Christina and she started to reject him. She tried to get off and he wouldnt let her. Finally, she got a hold of a letter opener and tried to stab him with it. Two special secrets came in and let out 2 shots in her head and instantly killed her. They cleaned everything up and showed it was the act of a robber. After they left Luther got out and noticed that they left the letter opener in which had the blood of both parties on it. He took it and left. They soon found out that there was someone else in the room in which saw the whole thing. The whole story is about the truth and honor of a regular person of society verses the power and anguish of the President of the United States. Who does the law get a hold of first? Read this chilling thriller to find out. I rate this book a 9 because of the great detail and moving story. It had me on the edge of my seat the whole time. ...

Chloroplast evolution Essay Example

Chloroplast evolution Essay Example Chloroplast evolution Paper Chloroplast evolution Paper Chloroplast evolution Introduction Chloroplasts are the particular class of plastids in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They are subcellular organelles that perform various specific functions in plant cell and algae. Many research studies have confirmed the fact that evolution of chloroplasts occurred from cyanobacterium through the process of endosymbiosis (Raven and Allen, 2003). This has been revealed by studying the genetic sequence of cyanobacteria (Raven and Allen, 2003). There are many kinds of plastids in plants but chloroplasts are concerned with photosynthesis. One kind of plastids is etioplasts, a primitive stage of cholorplasts, and found in abundance in the leaves of plants that grow in darkness. However, these are instantaneously converted into chloroplasts when they come in contact with sunlight. Chloroplasts are present in cytoplasm of a cell bears the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis. These are present in autotrophic plants (Briscoe). Many theories have been suggested for the evolution of chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are monophyletic. Their genome and gene structure matches the genetic sequence of cyanobacterium (Raven and Allen, 2003). In chloroplasts evolution the most important theory is endosymbiotic gene transfer theory. Theory defines that throughout the stage of evolution endosymbiont events take place and gene transfers from symbionts to the host. The intergenomic transfers and genetic interactions between the nucleus and organelles are highly regulated (Raven and Allen, 2003). Plastids are derived from cyanobacteria by process of endosymbiosis was first hypothesized by Mereschkowsky (1905). However, further studies in molecular genetics, biochemical, and microscopic studies have revealed that plastids contain ribosomes, DNA/RNA that responsible for inheritance of certain characteristics (Briscoe). The genome in plastids replicates as normal genome, and carry out all other functions of transcription and translation (Briscoe). Plastids are evolved from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). A number of studies have confirmed this fact that cyanobacteria are the closest bacterial homolog of plastids. They have a system of sunlight absorbing, oxygen production and water split same that of cholorplasts (Molnar, 1999). All proteins that are actively involved in plastids functions are encoded by genes. This is said to be the result of evolution of cyanobacteria and gene transfer (Doolittle et al 2003). During this transfer certain genes are moved while others are retained. â€Å"It also becomes possible to see clearly the algal ancestry of cells that have vestigial and otherwise unrecognizable plastids, and even to discern the unmistakable genomic footprint of plastids long lost from organisms one might never imagine to have descended from plants.† (Zhou et al 2006) Genomes in plastids encode above 100 of proteins (50-200), however there are inmureaable nuclear encoded products found in cytoplasms. Cyanobacterium gneome codes 1500 proteins. Many similarities have been found between proteome of cyanobacterium and other organelles of cells. It is said that the genes of cyanobacteria evolutes from endosymbiotic pre-plastids (Briscoe). When genes transfer from one location to another it is most probably that some of it will be lost, some will be transferred and some will be retained. â€Å"The process of transfer of genes to the nucleus would have involved duplication of each plastid gene, and a nuclear copy of the gene becoming able to produce a functional product in the cytosol or, with appropriate targeting sequences, in other compartments.† (Zhou et al 2006) It has been hypothesized that transfer from cyanobacterial genome into the plant genome took place in horizontal gene transfer. Different metabolic pathways are determined for encoding purpose of chloroplast genome and nuclear genome. Zhou et al (2006) compared the photosynthetic networks of chloroplasts and cyanobateria. It was postulated that compound reactions in chloroplasts are less than cyanobacteria, the path length of metabolic network was longer, less dense, with localized high density areas in chloroplasts. Enzyme proteins are encoded by genomes. These enzymes actively participate in different cellular functions. Chloroplast’s modular organization is organized in a much better way than cyanobacteria. Zhou et al (2006) concluded that as there are metabolic network differences between the two, cholorplasts and cyanobacteria, it shows that modifications may occur during evolutionary period during the process of endosymbiosis. Photosynthetic process of light absorption, efficiency of energy absorption, water split and oxygen release depends on the overall metabolic network. Clegg et al (1996) studied different patterns of genes that facilitate evolution. During the process of evolution nucleotide replacement. â€Å"The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of plants has been a focus of research in plant molecular evolution and systematics. Several features of this genome have facilitated molecular evolutionary analyses. First, the genome is small and constitutes an abundant component of cellular DNA. Second, the chloroplast genome has been extensively characterized at the molecular level providing the basic information to support comparative evolutionary research. And third, rates of nucleotide substitution are relatively slow and therefore provide the appropriate window of resolution to study plant phylogeny at deep levels of evolution.† (Clegg et al 1996) DNA sequencing in chloroplasts is a new technique and depends upon how reliable a method is for DNA sequencing. Researches across the United States have developed very latest and sophisticated techniques for DNA sequencing. However, the process is very delicate, that even very minor error can disregard the whole process. Scientific labs have new latest technology implemented and DNA sequencing is made very comprehensive, easy and done locally as well. With new changes and advances in genetic engineering and its implication in plant genomics and evolution, it has become mandatory to further research in this field, as this can become strong scientific evidence. DNA sequencing is gaining popularity because of its unique and un-identical pattern, which is unique in different plastids. With DNA sequencing use in the research, its fair and valid use is important. Other problem in studying evolution and DNA sequencing is a factor of contamination. The DNA samples collected from the chloroplasts can get contaminated. There might be contamination of bacteria, dust or organic material in the samples. DNA can also be degraded if left for long period at the labs.   Degraded DNA can give false positive or false negative increasing the probability of error in the results. The allele frequencies are often used for studying evolution in chloroplasts because chances of random match are very great and not appropriate for small number of plastids and it does not affect probability of being similar or dissimilar. Errors produced in first case does not leave enough samples for further sequencing in many cases which cause much of the frustration to scientists and law professionals Evolutionary studies show that various benefits for DNA sequencing are that DNA patterns are very unique and complete sequencing will differentiate chloroplasts from several other kinds of plastids. DNA when acted upon with polymerase can be amplified and hence smaller sample sizes are sufficient to use for sequencing. Because on single DNA strand can be split into many pieces several samples can be used for sequencing. Any cyanobacterium cell can be examined for DNA sequencing as every cell is nucleated. This gives preference of DNA sequencing of chloroplasts over other sequencing techniques. DNA sequencing also gives it preference over protein sequencing as it is more resistant to degradation. â€Å"Modular structures differ among different organisms. The similarity of overall modular structure among chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, E.coli, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae has been calculated and is shown as a dendrogram in Figure 2 (see Methods section for d etailed description of the similarity measurements of modules). Remarkably, all cyanobacteria exhibit very similar modular organization and are different from chloroplasts. Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae are clustered together with high similar modular structure. This result is consistent with the topological results (Table 1) that chloroplast metabolic network shows different characteristics.† (Zhou et al 2006) With new changes and advances in genetic engineering and its implication in plant evolution, it has become mandatory to further investigate and research in this field, as this can become strong scientific evidence. DNA sequencing is gaining popularity because of its unique and un-identical pattern, which is different in every different kinds of plant cells. With DNA sequencing use in the research, its fair and valid use is important. What genetic information is valid as evidence in chloroplasts evolution? It is of immense importance to understand that the two bands of DNA are a match even if they’re not aligned with each other. However, it is clear to the experts that band shifting requires additional analysis for interpretation of the correct results. There are so many intricacies in DNA profiling that with a slight mistake with a false similarity in different plastids. Possibilities lies in the fact that band shift can shift either more like a match or away from match. â€Å"Only comparative studies of molecular sequences have the resolution to reveal this underlying complexity. A complete description of the complexity of molecular change is essential to a full understanding of the mechanisms of evolutionary change and in the formulation of realistic models of mutational processes.† (Clegg et al 1996) Band shifting is one of the major problems in evolutionary studies today’s research face while making decisions and this has to be understood and checked for reliability in the chloroplasts evolution. In addition, they are developing special probes. In another study probe was conducted and evidence was provided even when bands were shifted but later the evidence was withdrawn because in a second probe a correction factor was found. In many such cases DNA evidence was not accepted because of the discrepancies in the results. DNA typing is becoming more popular in the chloroplasts evolution.   The Geneticists and law professional will need to work strong relation to implement DNA evidence in conviction cases.   Researchers must get trained and educated in DNA patterning and sequencing system to decide for an authentic results. There is need to set standards for the procedures and techniques used. Absence of any universally adopted system may produce discrepancies in the results. Technicians and the professionals hired for this purpose must have skilled and experienced background. In many research cases it was found that the professional involved in Lab for sequencing purpose were not skilled and had forged credentials. It is very important to update current research studies with new technology to get more and more reliable method of scrutinizing results in chloroplast evolutionary studies. However, it must be reliable and useful to investigate previous researches as well. â€Å"The work of Brinkman et al. [8] re-examines the processes that have led to the high proportion of proteins of a bacterial human pathogen, Chlamydia, that are similar to those of plants. This similarity was formerly attributed to horizontal gene transfer from plants, or plant-like host organisms, to the bacterium. Brinkman et al. [8] point out that such gene transfer is unlikely since all extant Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular parasites of animals. Instead, the analysis by Brinkman et al. [8] shows that the majority of the plant-like genes in Chlamydia are, in plant cells, targeted to the chloroplast. But the conclusion that this targeting of proteins to chloroplasts is necessarily a function of their origin from a plastid ancestor is not always sound. Furthermore, Martin et al. [6] did not find much similarity between Chlamydia and Arabidopsis (see Figure 1 in [6]). Clearly, further investigation is needed.† (Raven and Allen) One of the many problems cited by professionals in the plant evolution fields are the evidentiary flaws in the studies.   There are some technologies available to extract evidence from such as leaves, but they are not routinely in use.   Unfortunately, these fluids lack a â€Å"definitive set of useful genetic markers† that proves a regular handicap for a conclusive test of DNA that results in usable evidence.   In watching the results a viewer can easily assume that this type of evidence is easy to collect and test, and that it would be used in a case. The chloroplast genome has been a major focus in studying plant evolution and plant genetics (Golenberg et al., 1993; Clegg et al. 1994; Morton, 1995; Clegg et al. 1997; Morton, 1999; Stoebe and Kowllik, 1999). It is now commonly believed that chloroplasts are the consequence of an endosymbiotic event between a eukaryotic host cell and an ancestor of the cyanobacteria (Curtis and Clegg, 1984; Delwiche et al. 1995; Barbrook et al., 1998; Turmel et al. 1999). Plastids developed either from a primary endosymbiotic event or from a secondary event. One of the main points of conjecture is the whether all plastids are monophyletic or polyphyletic. The evidence appears to overwhelmingly support a monophyletic origin (Delwiche et al., 1995), yet some cases are not so clear cut (Penny and OKelly, 1991; Lockhart et al. 1992). Plastids in the red algae appear to be of polyphyletic origin relative to the green plastid lineage.   On the other hand the green algae, from which green plants evolved, later acquired their plastids from a different cyanobacterial species, in which case they would be polyphyletic to the rhodophytes. Ultimately, all plastids are monophyletic assuming there was only one universal ancestor to all life. Throughout evolution, chloroplasts (and mitochondria) appear to have lost most of their ancestral genes. If chloroplasts are descendents from free living cyanobacteria, then there has been a major reduction in the genome sizes since their endosymbiotic origin. Some chloroplast genes are thought to be transferred to the nucleus, while some genes are thought to have been transferred to the mitochondria as well (Gray and Joyce, 1989; Menaud et al., 1998). For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana, a gene coding for methionyl-tRNA synthetase in the mitochondrial genome may have originated in the chloroplast (Menaud et al. 1998). Therefore the mitochondrial genome is a mosaic of genes with different origins (Gray and Joyce, 1989) as is the nuclear genome, and possibly the chloroplast genome. Creating transgenic crops, determining the gene flow, determining the inheritance patterns, etc will be the most highlighted issues. Another fact may be the events in transgenic crops that a mechanism might be elucidated by catching a transfer event in the act, which could shed some light on the early evolution of endosymbionts with their hosts. â€Å"Despite a conservative rate of evolution and a relatively stable gene content, comparative molecular analyses reveal complex patterns of mutational changes. Non-coding regions of cpDNA diverge through insertion/deletion changes that are sometimes site dependent. Coding genes exhibit different patterns of codon bias that appear to violate the equilibrium assumptions of some evolutionary models. Rates of molecular change often vary among plant families and orders in a manner that violates the assumption of a simple molecular clock. Finally, protein-coding genes exhibit patterns of amino acid change that appear to depend on protein structure, and these patterns may reveal subtle aspects of structure/function relationships.† (Clegg, 1994) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) which is a technique that analyzes the lengths of DNA fragments using an enzyme that cuts a specific sequence that carries a particular recognition site.   The presence or absence of the sire identifies the DNA sequence in the sample.   RFLP is one of the original applications, though it is in use to a lesser degree as newer techniques prove more efficient in DNA analysis and because it is more easily contaminated than newer techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis is capable of amplifying tiny samples of DNA and allows for degraded samples to be analyzed.   It is also easily contaminated so great care must be taken in the collection and preservation of the samples. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis evaluates specific regions of nuclear DNA because the variability of the regions are used to distinguish DNA profiles from one another.   It is with this technology that the FBI uses a standard set of 13 regions to match DNA profiles to individuals in real cases as well as on television shows using the national CODIS database. (HGP, 2004) Conclusion Therefore, only highly skilled, educated and trained professionals should be hired for this purpose. Skilled professionals, reliable procedures, well working equipments should be used. Scientists should be trained and educated about the new techniques and methods and their validity so that they may take accurate decisions. While discussing such an important topic, it’s very crucial to understand the mechanisms of Gene transfer. Here the question arises why would genes be transferred to the nucleus in the first place? What selective advantage could there be etc.   One opinion in this regard is that when a gene moves from the chloroplast to the nucleus, there is a change in context from an asexual to a sexual genome. Recombination can then take place to reduce genetic load (Race et al. 1999). The case in plants is, however, different, i.e. much lower. Concluding the matter, it can be stated that, understanding chloroplast genomes and mechanisms of gene regulation will be of utmost importance in future. Though a lot of work has already been done but there’s still the room for improvement. References Dear Customer: I have finally revised this document as per your request. If you need further help then don’t hesitate to contact me. Don’t forget to add positive feedback if you like this work. Please note down my email and delete this message. Thank you! From Writer: Sam Shf [[emailprotected]] Barbrook, A.C., Lockhart, P.J. and Howe, C.J. (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of plastid origins based on secA sequences. Current Genetics. 34:336-341 Briscoe, Katie. Plant cell plastids. Retrieved from http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/plastids/ Clegg, M.T., Cummings, M.P. and Durbin, M. (1997) The evolution of plant nuclear genes. PNAS USA. 94:7791-7798 Clegg, M.T., Gaut, B.S., Learn Jr., G.H. and Morton, B. (1994) Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. PNAS USA. 6795-6801 Curtis, S. and Clegg, M.T. (1984) Molecular evolution of chloroplast DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1:291-301 Delwiche, C.F., Kuhsel, M. and Palmer, J.D. (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 4:110-128 Doolittle WF, Boucher Y, Nesbà ¸ CL, Douady CJ, Andersson JO, Roger AJ. How big is the iceberg of which organellar genes in nuclear genomes are but the tip? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003;358:39–58. [PubMed] [Free Full Text] Golenberg, E.M., Clegg, M.T., Durbin, M.L., Doebley, J. Ma, D.P. (1993) Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2:52-64 Gray, M. (1989) The evolutionary origins of organelles. TIG. 5: John A Raven 1 and John F Allen2. Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants? Genome Biol. 2003; 4(3): 209. Published online 2003 March 3. Copyright  © 2003 BioMed Central Ltd Joyce, P.B.M. and Gray, M.W. (1989) Chloroplast-like transfer RNA genes expressed in wheat mitochondria. Nucleic Acids research. 17:5461-5476. Human Genome Project. DNA Forensics. September 2004. ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml Lockhart, P.J., Howe, C.J., Bryant, D.A., Beanland, T.J. and Larkum, A.W.D. (1992) Substitutional bias confounds inference of cyanelle origins from sequence data. J. Mol. Evol. 34:153-162 Mereschkowsky C. ÃÅ"ber Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol Centralbl. 1905;25:593–604. M T Clegg, B S Gaut, G H Learn, Jr, and B R Morton (1994). Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. v.91(15); Jul 19, 1994 Molnar, Sebastian (1999) Chloroplast Genetics. Retrieved from geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/chloroplast.html Morton, B.R. (1995) Neighbouring base composition and transversion/transition bias in a comparison of rice and maize chloroplast noncoding regions. PNAS USA. 92:9717-9721 Morton, B.R. (1999) Strand asymmetry and codon bias in the chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis. PNAS USA. 96:5123-5128 Penny, D. and OKelly, C.J. (1991) Seeds of a universal tree. Nature. 350:106-107 Race, H., Hermann, R.G. and Martin, W. (1999) Why have organelles retained genomes? TIG. 15:364-370 Stoebe, B. and Kowallik, K.L. (1999) Gene-cluster analysis in chloroplast genomics. TIG. 15:344-347 Turmel, M., Otis, C. and Lemieux, C. (1999) The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Nephrselmis olivacea: insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. PNAS USA. 96:10248-10253 Zhuo Wang, Xin-Guang Zhu, Yazhu Chen, Yuanyuan Li, Jing Hou, Yixue Li   and Lei Liu  ,  (2006) Exploring photosynthesis evolution by comparative analysis of metabolic networks between chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria

National Service Framework - Standard 5 The role of the nurse Assignment

National Service Framework - Standard 5 The role of the nurse - Assignment Example What measures can be taken to prevent this and in such cases how the patients should be treated. The goal of National Service Frameworks to deal with older adults in stroke pathway. The aim of this to report is to identify the health policy on care delivery from practical life. To ensure that the public and the professionals understand the cause of stroke, the symptoms of a stroke and what measures should be taken if someone gets an attack. The discussion of the report will follow the description on stroke and related issues, how efficiently NSF works towards its perspective to take care of the patient and their family. The main objective is to get the clear idea of the role of nurse, post stroke nursing care along with the inter-professional team. Apart from this other various health promotion to raise awareness also would be the part of the discussion. 2. Introduction to National Service Frameworks 2.1. What is a National Service Framework (NSF)? National service frameworks (NSFs) and strategies provides efficient quality requirements for care. These strategies are based on the available facts on which treatments and services can be effective for the patients. These strategies have various strengths that include building relationships with health professionals, patients, carers, health service managers, voluntary agencies and other experts. The historical perspective of NSF is to make a better world for the older people. England is said to be known as an aging society. Since the early 1930s the number of aged people was over 65 years. According to a recent survey, it has been found that every fifth population of England is over 60 and which will increase to 80 between 1995 and 2025. Thus the concept of NSF to build a better world for older people raised and they form this unit to take both social care and health care services. The National Service Framework is pioneer to ensure fair, high quality, integrated health and social care services for older people. T his is a long term planning program which NSF ensures. It frames 10 year program of action raising awareness to promote good health, to support independence, special acre and services for any conditions and cultural change so that all older people and their carers so that they get respect and can live with dignity and equality. We need National Service Frameworks because it will give us support from every perspective to deal future condition of old age. It will help to create awareness for good health and making people conscious about stroke and hazards. The experts and hard work of NFS had led the way in developing the standards. The Goals and Purpose of NSF To improve standards of care To help older people to stay healthy Better long term funding Extending access to services The NFS will shape its services depending on individual patients, their families and their carers. [Standard 2] The NSF will support and value its staff. The NSF focuses on conditions like stroke, fall and men tal health problems of older people. They have made 10 year framework to deal with arthritis, respiratory diseases in older people. To respect every individual Promoting healthy and active life 2.2. Introduction to National Service Framework for Older Adults- Stroke National Service Frameworks (NSFs) were established to improve various services by setting up national standards to check quality and care services. The main aim of this specific NSF Respecting the individual is

Principles based accounting as an accounting method which is used as a Essay

Principles based accounting as an accounting method which is used as a conceptual basis by accountants - Essay Example This system follows principles. The term â€Å"principles† can be used simply to refer to general rules, or also to suggest that these rules are implicitly higher in the implicit or explicit hierarchy of norms than more detailed rules: they express the fundamental obligations that all should observe (Black et al, 2007). Some of the rules set out are mandatory to follow but many other rules are used as a mere guidance and are not applicable to every situation. For instance, many countries have adopted the International Financial Reporting Standards governed by the IASB. According to Securities and Exchange Commission of US, â€Å"†¦the optimal principles-based accounting standard involves a concise statement of substantive accounting principle where the accounting objective has been incorporated as an integral part of the standard and where few, if any, exceptions or internal inconsistencies are included in the standard† (2002). Rule-based accounting is a set of det ailed rules which must be followed when financial statements are prepared. An example of such system is Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). In US, GAAP is used as a standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting. CPA firms and corporations in US prepare and present their business incomes and expenses, assets and liabilities in their financial statements following GAAP. ... The financial statements are prepared for the users who have reasonable knowledge of business, accounting and economic activities and a willingness to study the financial statements (IASB Framework, Para 25). The users of financial statements are of various types and their needs are different which are required to be catered efficiently because they have to make crucial economic decisions on the basis of financial statements. IFRS requires the financial statements to present a â€Å"true and fair view† of the financial state and economic activities of an entity. When a set of given rules is followed uniformly by all the entities in each financial year, comparability increases. A user may compare an entity’s financial standing with that of another entity or even with that of its own in the preceding years. In order to attain this uniformity, the rules are required to be followed but there are cases where following the rules becomes very difficult. For instance, the IFRS itself admits in the Framework that there is a trade-off between relevance and reliability. One must be forgone to avail the benefit of another. In a given case, preferring relevance over reliability might be useful for specific set of users but might not be useful for another set of users. The Framework has emphasized that the preparer or auditor of financial statements must exercise his professional judgment in such cases so that the information becomes more synchronized with the objectives of IFRS. One of the worst economic crises in history has been faced by the world recently. There are many studies and professional opinions that the fair value system is responsible for it. This system is more

The Plama Membrane Essay Example for Free

The Plama Membrane Essay The plasma membrane exists in all living things for the simple reason that it serves vital functions without which the cell cannot survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plasma membrane is composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer which is made up of hydrophobic lipid â€Å"tails† that point inwards and hydrophilic phosphate â€Å"heads† that are positioned so that one layer is in contact with the extracellular fluid and the other with the cytosol. The membrane may thus be thought of as the cells â€Å"skin† enclosing and protecting the organelles and the nucleus. The cell (and its components) however, is not cut off from its environment because the plasma membrane is semipermeable, allowing specific substances necessary for the normal functioning of the cell to pass through. Also, embedded in the bilayer are proteins that assist the passage of substances that normally would not be able to pass through by simple diffusion. A good example would be the sodium-potassium pump (Krogh, 2003) which is responsible for the active transport of these ions. Both potassium and sodium need to move up their concentration gradients (into and out of the cell, respectively) and since both are ions that would be difficult to transport through the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer, such transport needs to be facilitated by the use of proteins that will serve as channels through which these ions can pass through. This therefore illustrates as well the regulatory functions of the plasma membrane in that it allows transport into and out of the cell in a selective manner (Postlethwait Hopson, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proteins that lie on the surface of the plasma membrane also serve a role in facilitating communication between the cell and its environment, including other cells. Lymphocytes (white blood cells) for example, differentiate foreign cells from that of the body by recognizing antigens, surface-bound proteins that serve as identification for the lymphocyte to know whether the other cell is an invader that needs to be eliminated (Postlethwait Hopson, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, the plasma membrane serves critical roles in cellular function, not just in THE PLASMA MEMBRANE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Page # 2 protecting the cell but as well as in transport, regulation and communication, and since, as Krogh (2003) has stated, â€Å"all life is made of cells†, it follows that life simply is not possible without the plasma membrane. References: Krogh, D. (2003). Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 3rd ed. Companion Website. Retrieved Dec. 31, 2007, from http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_krogh_biology_3/ Postlethwait, J. H., Hopson, J. L. (2006). Modern Biology.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap

I really enjoyed the movie A Raisin in the Sun. It follows a black family's struggle to reach their long anticipated dreams. These dreams, and the struggles necessary to attain them, is one of the main focuses of the movie. The movie began with a husband, Walter, and wife, Ruth, fighting over Walter's dream to make it in the business world by using an insurance check as a down payment on opening a liquor store. He believes that if someone in the family would just listen to him and put forth their trust, his dreams would become a success. This episode illustrates a major conflict throughout the story. As Walter dreams bigger and bigger he seems to leave the â€Å"smaller†' things, such as his family behind. This movement away from the family is against the advancement of the values and morals ...

Battle of Hamel

July 4th 1918 in a small town of Hamel in northern France on the Western Front. There lay a joint offensive team consisting of Australians, Americans and British. They were there for one reason. To complete all objectives and defeat the Germans from a strong defensive position†¦.. This was the battle of Hamel. Good morning/ afternoon today I will be talking to you about the battle of Hamel. How it is considered to be Significant and the significance of the role Australians played in it. Considered to be the most well prepared battle of the first world war† Quoted by historian John Laffin. The preparation was so great that all objectives were taken within 93 minutes of the battle starting. With less than 1000 Australian casualties 1600 German troop were captured along with their equipment. And so with the Germans Defenses down†¦ The battle was won. The significance of the role played by the Australians in the battle of Hamel was highly distinctive and effected two main areas; the strategy and tactics employed and the leadership. Firstly Australians had a great influence on the strategy and tactics employed through out the battle. Involving three main principles of warfare such as economy, massing and Unit of Command. Using Frontal assault as their main strategy to penetrate the German lines, Artillery were used to perform a â€Å"creeping Barrage† Tactic. Providing cover for the units. The significance if this was it gave protection against the German machine guns which ended up extremely effective. Secondly Leadership. Leadership was played out by the Australian through Lieutenant General John Monash, who planned and commanded the troop into battle. â€Å"Appointing Monash as a commander the key reason for success†. Quoted again by John Laffin. This shows us how the general was able to adapt to the changing nature of warfare, using only the available resource†¦ had penetrated the enemy lines completing all objective. The Battle of Hamel was significant in world war one for two main reason. Firstly it helped hinder Germany’s invasion in France and secondly the strategy and tactics used in the battle. Becoming the Blueprint used in future battles. Quoted by Thomas Cummins â€Å"With a battle well planned, Death will not be welcomed in war† Thank you. Battle of Hamel July 4th 1918 in a small town of Hamel in northern France on the Western Front. There lay a joint offensive team consisting of Australians, Americans and British. They were there for one reason. To complete all objectives and defeat the Germans from a strong defensive position†¦.. This was the battle of Hamel. Good morning/ afternoon today I will be talking to you about the battle of Hamel. How it is considered to be Significant and the significance of the role Australians played in it. Considered to be the most well prepared battle of the first world war† Quoted by historian John Laffin. The preparation was so great that all objectives were taken within 93 minutes of the battle starting. With less than 1000 Australian casualties 1600 German troop were captured along with their equipment. And so with the Germans Defenses down†¦ The battle was won. The significance of the role played by the Australians in the battle of Hamel was highly distinctive and effected two main areas; the strategy and tactics employed and the leadership. Firstly Australians had a great influence on the strategy and tactics employed through out the battle. Involving three main principles of warfare such as economy, massing and Unit of Command. Using Frontal assault as their main strategy to penetrate the German lines, Artillery were used to perform a â€Å"creeping Barrage† Tactic. Providing cover for the units. The significance if this was it gave protection against the German machine guns which ended up extremely effective. Secondly Leadership. Leadership was played out by the Australian through Lieutenant General John Monash, who planned and commanded the troop into battle. â€Å"Appointing Monash as a commander the key reason for success†. Quoted again by John Laffin. This shows us how the general was able to adapt to the changing nature of warfare, using only the available resource†¦ had penetrated the enemy lines completing all objective. The Battle of Hamel was significant in world war one for two main reason. Firstly it helped hinder Germany’s invasion in France and secondly the strategy and tactics used in the battle. Becoming the Blueprint used in future battles. Quoted by Thomas Cummins â€Å"With a battle well planned, Death will not be welcomed in war† Thank you.

Rachel Carson Bio

Rachel Carson (May 27, 1907  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ April 14, 1964) was a Marine Biologist. Her accomplishments included: Writing the books The Edge Of The Sea, bestsellers Under The Sea Wind, The Sea Around Us, and her most popular Silent Spring, and she was also the founder of the Environmental Movement. Her most famous book, Silent Spring, documented effects of harmful pesticides and pollution on the environment, especially on birds. The book helped launch Carson’s Environmental Movement. The movement was a political group to address and shine a light on important environmental issues.It set out to change public policy towards the environment and also individual’s behavior. The movement recognized humanity as an ally and not an enemy of ecosystems. The movement focused on  ecology,  health, and  human rights in order to maintain the environment. Rachel Carson joined the Bureau of Fisheries as a host of the radio station, â€Å"Romance Under the Waters,† which she wo uld explore and discover the life underwater and then tell about her adventures on the station.Rachel Carson received many awards including: National Book Award and the John Burroughs Medal for her book The Sea Around Us, and she was also the second woman to be elected into the National Institute of Arts and Letters. The Bureau of Fisheries hired her as a junior biologist, and over a long time of many years, she was finally promoted to the chief editor of publications for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Rachel Carson was the first woman to take and pass the civil service test.Rachel Carson is not like Mr. Rezendes because she is a women and Mr. Rezendes is a man. She is also not pink. I found the information about Rachel Carson online on Wikipedia and some other educational websites. It was fairly easy to find information about Rachel Carson because she is a really important scientist in the Marine Biology field. I just tried to be specific in the Google search engine so I coul d find important information.I am really jubilant that I was able to easily find a lot of information on Rachel Carson because it shows how important Marine Biology is in the field of science. Also it shows that women, too, make many important accomplishments just like men do in the world of science. Rachel Carson was not discriminated against during her life, which was surprising because women normally are. Instead, it seems like she was respected in her line of work which is cool.In conclusion, Rachel Carson contributed greatly in the world of Marine Biology and she was given many awards for her achievements and contributions. She is an example of a special scientist because unlike most, she is a woman, and she wasn’t even disrespected or segregated for being a woman, which is great that by the time she was a scientist, people were not blinded by racism or sexism. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rachel_Carson http://castle. eiu. edu/~wow/carsachieve. html http:/ /www. lkwdpl. org/wihohio/cars-rac. htm

One Flew Over the Cuckos Nest essays

One Flew Over the Cucko's Nest essays One One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest In our study of this novel of rebellion, and protest. The ward in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is microcosism of a much larger world, where power is too often misused and individuality is stifled for the sake of conformity.By using Chief Bromden as the Narrator Kesey pulls the reader right in to the middle of this by taking the only character that can shed light on all of the dominant themes present in the novel. Which are Keseys views on the feminist movement, civil rights, and the underlying idea of conformity. All of these issues are exposed in the "pool scene" in which the author, and director are constrained to different parameters, and must use different devices to convey the same message. The dominant theme in this novel is that of conformity. In the novel conformity is represented as a machine, or in Chief Bromden's mind a "combine" . To the Chief, the "combine' depicts the conformist society of America The Chief views the mental hospital as a big machine , which is run by " The Big Nurse" who controls everyone except McMurphy with "wires", and a "control panel"( which the Chief see quite clearly in his psychosis). In the Chiefs eyes McMurphy was missed by the "combine", and the Chief and the acutes were lured into it. Therefore McMurphy is an nonconformist and is free from the "wires" of "The Big Nurse" and so he is a threat to the "combine". This is very clear in the "pool scene". This excerpt from the book demonstrates R.Ps influence on the acutes to rebel, "Now that McMurphy was around to back them up, the guys started letting fly at everything that had ever happened on the ward they didnt like."(158) In the film you can actually see the acutes looking at McMurphy after they make their arguments to nurse Ratched, and he backs them up in the b ook by asking the doctor directly before the nurse had a chance to answer. This segment of the novel...

Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S

Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S By Maeve Maddox Should one write â€Å"Jesus’ name† or â€Å"Jesus’s name†? Which is correct, â€Å"Travis’ friend† or â€Å"Travis’s friend†? The questions on the use of the apostrophe to form the possessive keep coming. This post is about how to form the possessive of a proper name that ends in -s. Most stylebooks agree that the rule for forming the possessive of a singular noun ending in -s is formed by adding ’s: the boss’s birthday the bus’s wheels the witness’s testimony When it comes to forming the possessive of a proper name that ends in s, guides disagree. Some stylebooks recommend a single apostrophe for Biblical or classical names like Jesus and Achilles, but ’s for names like James and Charles; others say, â€Å"Treat all names ending in s the same.† The Chicago Manual of Style once recommended a single apostrophe to form the possessive of Biblical or classical names: Moses’ tent Achilles’ helmet Jesus’ name Some guides still recommend this usage, but CMOS has changed its policy in a spirit of consistency; now it recommends that all proper names ending in -s form their possessive by adding ’s: Moses’s tent Achilles’s helmet Jesus’s name Travis’s friends Dickens’s novels Descartes’s philosophy Franà §ois’s efforts Tacitus’s Histories Kansas’s legislature Euripides’s tragedies the Ganges’s source Equally consistent, the Associated Press Style Book opts for a single apostrophe for all proper names ending in -s: Moses’ tent Achilles’ helmet Jesus’ name Travis’ friends Dickens’ novels Descartes’ philosophy Franà §ois’ efforts Tacitus’ Histories Kansas’ legislature Euripides’ tragedies the Ganges’ source The New York Times style manual generally agrees with CMOS, but adds this wrinkle: Omit the  s  after the apostrophe when a word ends in two sibilant soundsseparated only by a vowel sound:  Kansas’ Governor;  Texas’ population;  Moses’ behalf But when a name ends with a sibilant letter that is silent, keep the possessive  s:  Arkansas’s Disagreement on the issue of apostrophe s vs. plain apostrophe goes all the way to the Supreme Court. Justice Clarence Thomas believes that the possessive form of a name like his should be formed by adding only an apostrophe: â€Å"Justice Thomas’ opinion.† Referring to the case Kansas v. Marsh (2006), Thomas wrote â€Å"Kansas’ statute,† but his colleague Justice Souter wrote â€Å"Kansas’s statute.† If you write for publication, how you treat the possessive of proper names that end in -s will be determined by your employer’s house style. If you are free to choose which style to follow, keep in mind that the writer’s goal is to convey thoughts as clearly as possible to readers. Style guides exist to assist writers in this goal, but it seems to me that there are problems with the recommendations of all three guides mentioned above. I prefer the guidelines given in the Penguin Guide to Punctuation: A name ending in s takes only an apostrophe if the possessive form is not pronounced with an extra s. Hence: Socrates’ philosophy, Ulysses’ companions, Saint Saens’ music, Aristophanes’ plays. The reasoning behind this rule is that as we don’t say [sok-ru-teez-iz], there’s no reason to write â€Å"Socrates’s.† Punctuation is supposed to aid readers, not puzzle them. It’s no help to readers unfamiliar with English pronunciation to mislead them into trying to say [dick-inz-iz], or [u-rip-uh-deez-iz] by writing â€Å"Dickens’s novels† or â€Å"Euripides’s plays.† The bottom line is that stylebooks do not agree on whether to write â€Å"Jesus’ name† or â€Å"Jesus’s name,† â€Å"Travis’ friend† or â€Å"Travis’s friend.† Writers not bound by a specific style manual must make their own decision and be consistent with it. Personally, I’d write â€Å"Jesus’ name† and â€Å"Travis’s friend† because I would say â€Å"[jee-zus] name† and â€Å"[trav-is-iz] friend.† Related Post: Charles’s Pen and Jesus’ Name Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouAnyone vs. EveryoneTypes of Plots

Treatment or Punishment for Youth Drug Use Research Proposal

Treatment or Punishment for Youth Drug Use - Research Proposal Example Since punishment is a response to crime that is much older than treatment, we begin by describing the concept of punishment. Punishment refers to imposing some unpleasant consequence for a person for a proven action that is decidedly unacceptable to others (Duff, 2001). Examples of punishment include incarceration, which is the response the United States has historically taken in response to the distribution and use of banned substances like heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. The justification for punishment is typically given as either retribution (i.e. taking something away from an offender in proportion to what the offender took from the victim), deterrence (i.e. using threat of punishment to dissuade others in society from committing a similar act), or incapacitation (i.e. to remove an individual from society in order to prevent him or her from committing more crimes). In the United States, the reasoning for a punishment is left to a criminal court’s discretion based on the i mpact and severity of the crime as well as other factors that might influence whether deterrence or incapacitation is necessary. Arguments in favor of punishment extol its benefits in being the simplest to administer and in sending the clearest message both to the offender and as a deterrent to potential offenders. In addition, favorable arguments point to the effect of punishment on restoring fairness within a community (Baumard, 2012). Serious objections to how fair society is will exist if society negates its objective to punish criminals for wrongdoing because, in a sense, victims are not recompensed for the wrong. Such a thought process behind punishment as retaliation dates back in human history to the way in which cooperation developed: that is, one cannot attack another without risk of being attacked themselves, and the alternative is either avoidance or cooperation. Of course, the limit imposed upon that thought is that retaliation and punishment must be proportionate to th e crime committed, rather than causing an additional harm.

The Development of Sustainable Energy Sources in the United States Essay

The Development of Sustainable Energy Sources in the United States - Essay Example Glaciers have been melting and shrinking, weather patterns are changing, sea levels and rising, mosquitoes are spreading and corals are dying from the acidification and warming of the oceans and seas (Hansen et al., 2008, p16). According to Hansen et al. (2008), the world needs to lower the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere by 350 ppm or lower in order to avoid further- and possibly catastrophic effects of climate change (p16). While other people may see such re-orientation of the power industry as an unnecessary and expensive push, I say that it is about time that the United States does its share in the global effort to mitigate climate change and its effects. In fact, such step is, from the global political perspective, long overdue. The United States has consistently avoided signing binding treaties on climate change mitigation. There is a certain level of global consensus, evident in the Kyoto Protocol, that developed nations must bear a heavier responsibility in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as a result of more than a century of industrial activity. However, the United States (U.S.), as major world superpower refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement which binded 37 industrialized countries and the European community in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2005. In the Copenhagen Accord, the U.S. only committed a 4% reduction of GHGs from 1990 levels by 202 0 (Biello, 2010, paragraph 1) a targeted way below the commitment of other countries such as China, Brazil and the European Union (paragraph 3). From a business- and rational economic perspective, investing in the development of new energy sources and abandoning oil reserves in the Gulf Coast and in Alaska may easily be seen as wasteful, and even risky. However, given the fact that fossil fuels are finite resources, the country has no choice but to develop renewable energy sources that could replace existing energy sources before the latter  totally becomes depleted.